Contents

• Abstract
• Acknowledgements
• Contents
• List of Figures
• Introduction
  • Project Aims
  • The Need for Synchronisation
  • Structure of Thesis
  • Summary of Main Contributions
• The ETSI Standard detailing the Generic Requirements of SDH Synchronisation Networks
  • Clock Types
    • Modes of Operation
  • Synchronisation Network Architecture
    • Inter-node Distribution Architecture
    • Intra-node Distribution Architecture
    • The Synchronisation Network Reference Chain
  • The Masks Defined in the ETSI Standards
    • Wander Masks for individual clocks
      • PRC Wander Masks
      • SSU Wander Masks
      • SEC Wander Masks
    • Synchronisation Reference Chain Masks
      • Wander Limits at PRC Outputs
      • Wander Limits at SSU Outputs
      • Wander Limits at SEC Outputs
      • Wander Limits at PDH Outputs
  • The ETSI Synchronisation Clock Noise Model
    • Bandwidths of the various clock types
    • A Contradiction: Setting the Gain Values
    • Anti-aliasing and Simulation Time
  • Summary
• Noise Theory and Phaselock Loops
  • Frequency Metrology Measures
    • Basic Definitions
    • Relationship between Phase and Frequency Fluctuations
  • Classification of Noise Types present in a Clock
  • Flicker Phase Noise Shaping of Filter A
  • Phaselock Loops
    • Basic PLL Components
    • Analysis of basic PLL Function
    • Filter Transfer Functions and Loop Orders
      • Second Order PLL's
    • Performance Comparison of Different Loop Orders
      • Noise Rejection Performance
      • PLL Tracking
        • Tracking phase steps
        • Tracking Frequency Steps
      • Achieving Simultaneous Tracking and Noise Rejection Performance
  • Summary
• Time Stability Quantities
  • Selection of TDEV as a performance measure
    • Rationale Behind TDEV
    • TDEV as a function of fractional frequency error
    • TDEV as a function of Time Error
    • TDEV in terms of power spectral density
    • An approximate expression for TDEV illustrating its filtering behaviour
    • TDEV Response to Different Noise Types
    • Continuous TDEV
  • MTIE
  • Summary
• Relationship between ETSI and PLL Noise Models
  • Power Spectral Densities of Noise Sources in ETSI Model
  • PLL Noise Model
  • One Possible Interpretation of the ETSI Noise Model
    • Validity of Model Assumptions
    • Suggested Model Improvements
    • Applying the ETSI Model to Primary Reference Clocks
  • Extending the ETSI Clock Noise Model
  • Summary
• Theoretical Analysis of the TDEV Produced by the ETSI Noise Model
  • TDEV approximations for the two Branches of the Noise Model
    • TDEV Generated by the Top Branch of the Noise Model
    • TDEV Generated by the bottom branch of the noise Model
  • Bounds on the TDEV Produced by the Model
    • Limiting Values of TDEV of Top Branch of Model
    • Limiting Values of TDEV of Bottom Branch of Model
  • Approximating TDEV at the model output
    • Comparison with Published Approximations
  • The shape of the TDEV Wander Masks
    • Problems with the SEC TDEV Wander Mask
  • Experimental Results Substantiating the Model Assumptions
  • Summary
• Implementing the Model
  • Basic Model of One Clock
    • Modelling Flicker Phase Filter A
    • Implementing the 5Hz Noise Bandwidth
  • Reducing the File Size and Simulation Time
    • Reducing the Simulation time for TDEV
    • Reducing the Simulation time for MTIE
  • Extending the Model
  • Simulating a Maximum Reference Chain
  • Post Processing to Obtain TDEV and MTIE data
    • Calculating TDEV
    • Calculating MTIE
  • Summary
• Results
  • Results of Simulating the Individual Clock Models
    • The SSU Noise Model
    • The SEC Model
      • The SEC Model for Parameters Proposed in ETSI Part 5
    • The PRC Model
  • Simulating a Maximum Reference Chain
    • Noise Filtering Characteristic of a SSU
  • Verifying the Correct Simulation of Filter A
    • Evidence of a problem
    • Testing Filter A
      • Theoretical Analysis of the TDEV behaviour of WGN shaped by filter A
      • Results
    • Graphical Analysis of the filter A transfer function
    • Suggested Modification to Filter A
  • The use of SPW Interpolate Blocks
  • The effect of decimating on TDEV data
  • The effect of decimating data on MTIE results
  • Summary
• Conclusions
  • Summary of Contributions
  • Suggestions for Future Work
• Correspondence with Dominico De Seta
• Source Code
  • TDEV Program Source Code
  • MTIE Source Code
• References